Objective To investigate the distribution profiles of mosquitoes and arboviruses in Xishuangbanna,Yunnan province, China, and to provide evidence for prevention and control of arbovirus diseases. Methods Mosquito samples were collected in Xishuangbanna and then used for virus isolation by cell culture. RT-PCR was used to identify arbovirus. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected from fever patients, and the common encephalitis virus IgM antibodies were detected by ELISA. Results A total of 13 337 mosquitoes, belonging to 29 species and 5 genera, were collected. The main mosquitoes were Culex tritaeniorhynchus (79.98%, 10 667/13 337), followed by Anopheles sinensis (7.95%, 1060/13 337) and An. peditaeniatus (7.38%, 984/13 337). Several specific primers for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Banna virus, alphavirus, and circovirus were used for PCR detection in 214 batches of mosquitoes, and no virus was isolated from the mosquitoes. Also, no virus was found in isolation using several types of cells. A total of 52 serum samples and 54 cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected from patients in acute stage by kits for encephalitis viruses and then subject to ELISA. There were 16 cases with JEV IgM, 4 cases with Herpes simplex virus IgM, 13 cases with mumps virus IgM, 3 cases with ECHO virus IgM, and 1 case with dengue virus IgM. Conclusion No JEV, BAV, and circovirus were detected from mosquitoes collected in Xishuangbanna,Yunnan province, China in 2011. However, serological results indicated that local fever patients were infected with several viruses such as JEV.

Objective To investigate the distribution patterns of mosquito-borne viruses in Mile county, Honghe prefecture, Yunnan province, China, and to provide evidence for prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases. Methods Mosquito samples were collected in Mile county during July 2009. Viruses were isolated from the samples through cell culture and then identified by molecular biology techniques. Results Nine virus strains were isolated from the mosquito samples including 4400 individuals of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and 2200 individuals of Anopheles sinensis. Seven strains, which were from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, were identified as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and 2 strains, which were from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and An. sinensis, were identified as Cx. pipiens pallens densovirus (CppDNV). Conclusion JEV was first isolated from Mile county, Honghe prefecture, demonstrating that Mile county is an endemic area of JE from the etiological aspect. The prevalent JEV strain was confirmed to be genotypeⅠ, according to homology and phylogenetic analysis, and was first isolated in the southeast area in Yunnan province, China.

Objective To analyze the genotypes and E gene sequence characteristics of 13 Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV) strains isolated from mosquitoes in Lancang River watershed in Yunnan province, China during 2007-2009. Methods E genes of 13 JEV strains were amplified by RT-PCR. The nucleotide similarity and amino acid homology were analyzed by MegAlign program in DNAStar software. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis were carried out using Clustal X 1.83 and the Mega 5.0. Results The nucleotide similarity and amino acid homology among the 13 JEV strains were 98.0%-100% and 99.8%-100% , respectively. Compared with the live attenuated vaccine strain (SA-14-14-2), the 13 JEV strains showed nucleotide similarity and amino acid homology of 86.1%-86.9% and 96.8%-97.2%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 13 JEV strains were genotypeⅠ. Conclusion The 13 JEV strains isolated from mosquitoes in Lancang River watershed in Yunnan province, China during 2007-2009 belonged to genotypeⅠ.

Objective To investigate the distribution patterns of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne viruses in Yunnan province to provide evidence for prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases. Methods In 2009, mosquito samples were collected from 6 counties of Yunnan province. Mosquitoes were first classified, followed by cell culturing for viral isolation for molecular identification. Positive isolates were identified using SDS-PAGE and RT-PCR. The genomes of isolates were also, sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. Results A total of 18 562 mosquitos of 4 genera (Culex, Anopheles, Armigeres, Aedes) and 24 species were collected. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and An. sinensis were the major species, comprising 58.37% and 28.45% of the total population, respectively. Fifteen strains of viruses were isolated from the mosquito pools. RT-PCR and phylogenetic analysis revealed two viral strains from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, identified as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV, GenotypeⅠ). One strain isolated from An. sinensis was identified as Banna virus. Twelve vrial strains were identified as Cx. pipiens pallens densovirus (CppDNV), of these, nine strains were isolated from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, and three strains from An. sinensis. Conclusion Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and An. sinensis were the predominant species in the investigated areas. JEV, Banna virus and CppDNV were isolated. In northeast Yunnan, JEV was isolated for the first time.

【Abstract】 Objective To find out the relationship between the mosquito diversity in residential areas and its geographical distribution pattern along the midstream and downstream areas of Lantsang. Methods CDC light?traps were used to collect mosquitoes in 9 residential areas of 5 counties along the Lantsang. Results A total of 4682 mosquitoes belonged to 28 species of 6 genus were collected. The results showed that the Shannon?Wiener’s diversity index （H′） had a negative correlation with latitudes（r＝-0.3219） and elevations（r＝-0.4238）. Conclusion In the residential areas of Lantsang, Culex tritaeniorhynchus was the dominant species,  Anopheles sinensis, Cx.annulus,  Armigeres subalbatus,  Cx.pipiens quinguefasciatus, An.splendidus and Cx.fuscocephala were the common species. The Shannon?Wiener’s diversity index （H′）   had the relationship with the latitudes and elevations.

Objective To study the mosquito community of human rooms in the lower valley of Lancang Jiang river, Yunnan province. Methods CDC light traps were used to collect mosquitoes in human rooms all night and species data were analyzed by entomological community methods. Results 3357 mosquitoes were collected and identified as 17 species of 8 subgenera, 6 genera, 2 subfamilies. The dominant species were Culex tritaeniorhynchus(28.09%), Anopheles minimus(25.92%) and An.sinensis(23.03%) respectively and the dominance( D) exceeded 40. Simpson's index of dominant centralization( C), Shannon-Wiener's diversity index( H′) and evenness( E) were 0.21, 1.82 and 0.55 respectively. Compared the Chi-square ( P>P_0.05) with the Regressive analysis (r>0.325), the results revealed that the combining level were fine between An.minimus and Cx.fuscocephalus, An.maculatus and Cx.pseudovishnui, Cx.whitmorei and Cx.bitaeniorhynchus. Conclusion Mosquito species are abundant in human rooms of the lower valley of Lancang Jiang river and the community structure and component are relatively complicated, the distributions of dominant species are basically even and stable.

Objective To investigate malaria vector biology behavior,distribution and seasonal fluctuation,and to make out reasonable vector control measures. Methods At the peaks of malaria transmission from May to October,collected mosquito two times every month by human biting catches and houses catches methods. Results By houses catches,in cattle pens,a total of 11 414 individuals of 25 Anophelesspecies were collected, An.sinensisis the predominant species (63.72%),its peaks of population density occurred in May and June,i.e.49.25 and 56.56 individuals per hour per pen respectively,but in October,its density declined to 15.50 individuals per hour per pen; for An.minimus,its proportion was 4.87% of total collected mosquitoes,its peak of density was from August to October. In human house,a total of 1 061 individuals of 15 Anophelesspecies were captured, An.sinensiswas 66.26% of total collected mosquitoes,its peak of density occurred at June,6.88 individuals per hour per house,but in October was 1.18 ; An.minimuswas 3.96% of total collected mosquitoes,peaks of density,in June and September,were 0.40 and 0.29 individuals per hour per house respectively. By human biting catches,a total of 648 individuals of 16 Anophelesspecies were captured. An.sinensisand An.minimuswere 46.45% and 16.67% of total collected mosquitoes respectively,and their peaks of density,June and August respectively. Conclusion Mosquito monitor could be effective to know malaria vectors distributions,seasonal fluctuations,which provided evidences for mosquito control,as well as to make out the better control measures to block malaria incidences and transmission.

Objestive In order to carry out the study about the inheritant polypeptide and transmission capacity,it was necessary to establish the lab strain of Anopheles minimus.Methods The test of natural mating of the mosquito was conducted after emergence for four days.Results It was gained 1 023 adult mosquitoes in natural mating.The rates of hatching,pupae and emergence were 56.53%,45.95% and 90.21% respectively.After Anopheles minimus was domesticated for several generation,the rates of hatching,pupae and emergence respectively go up to 90.87%,72.27% and 95.36%.Conclusion After Anopheles minimus was domesticated to eight generation,it reached to natural mating of normal colonies.This test shows that Anopheles minimus can substitute for man-made mating using suitable methods.

From 1992-1997, different geographical strains of An.minimus from Yunnan have been observed in laboratory (temperature: 25-27 degree centigrade; humidity: 72%-80%; illumination: 12h/d) by simple and colony rearing. The hatching rates of the colony, pupae rates and emergency rates were 90.15%, 53.24% and 97.20%, respectively; Those of the single 58.82%-98.90%, 10.2%-86.89% and 66.67% -100%,respectively. The average period of pre-mature stage of adult were egg: 2d, pupae: 1.58-1.85d, larvae: 12-19.5d. The reproductive rates and the period of growth of pre-mature stage were different in these strains from different geographical zone. The average cycle of reproductive nutrition was 3.5d. The average life-span was 24.25d in female and 19.78d in male.

This paper reported the identification of host source of blood meals on four anopheles species with the Precipitin Ring Test.These blood meals were collected in 20 counties from 8 districts in Yunnan province during 1989～1993.The results of the average human blood index for the human room's blood meals were as follows: An.sinensis,7.41%; An.minimus,12.77%; An.anthropophagus,100%; An.maculatus,35.71%.